The Milk Borne Pathogens of Raw Milk from Some Egyptian Farms in Different Seasons.

Milk has good quality protein and is a unique substance in that it is consumed as fluid milk with minimal processing and also it is the raw material used to manufacture a wide variety of products. Milk is susceptible to contamination by many pathogenic microorganisms, which result in infection and threat to consumer’s health. The aim of this study was to determinate occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk in four seasons from different locations in Egypt, the obtained counts results showed that the samples gave the lowest Total Plate Count (TPC) of 3x105cfu/ml in winter’s samples. While, the summer's sample showed the highest TPC of 5.8x107cfu/ml. E. coli count ranged from 2x102cfu/ml to 5.8x 105cfu/ml which the lowest count was noticed in winter’s samples. Staphylococcal count ranged from 2.7 x 103cfu/ml (winter sample) to1.28 x 106cfu/ml (another sample in the same season). These results indicated poor hygienic standard of raw milk from uncontrolled environments and the increased public health risk of those consuming raw milk from such uncontrolled sources and all these tests consume time but with Cultureindependent methods that are based on protocols where total DNA (or RNA) is directly extracted from the substrate it can save time. Coupled with a global analysis, these methods make it possible to study the total diversity from the bulk extract in a single step.

Acid digestion and microplate reading method for milk iodine determination

Main shortcomings in existing methods for iodine determination in milk samples are non safe alkaline solution, harsh thermal conditions, and their being time consuming. In this study, for determination of total iodine content in milk, a simple and rapid kinetic catalytic colorimetric, acid digestion and rapid microplate reading format method, was investigated. Sample digestion was done on 50 micro L milk in metavanadate/perchloric acid, at 230°C for 10 min. After digestion, iodine determination was based on famous Sandell - Kolthoff reaction. The reaction results were read in 96 wells microplate by ELISA reader. Work range of the assay was between 2-40 micro g/dl. The within-run coefficient of variation percent ranged from 6. 7 to 9. 3 and between-run coefficients of variation ranged from 8.6 to 12.3%. The results obtained [n = 70] by the optimized method had good correlation with the results of alkaline incineration as the reference method [p < 0.000, n = 70 r2 = 0.907 y = 0. 952x-0.084]. Recovery tests for accuracy assessment were between 91.3 to 113%. This method enabled us to achieve 0.1 micro g/dl sensitivity. This study showed that, fast acid digestion, mild thermal, fast results reading and low sample volume, were the main advantages of the acid digestion and microplate reading format investigated

Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus using a nested RT-PCR assay in bulk milk samples of dairy cattle herds in suburb of Mashhad-Iran

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus [BVDV] is an important pathogen of dairy cattle. In this study, bulk milk samples representing a total of 4105 milking cows, from 18 dairy cattle herds in the suburb of Mashhad- Iran, were tested for presence of BVDV by the use of a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [Nested RT- PCR] assay. Non of the cows in the herds had been vaccinated against BVDV. RNA was extracted from somatic cell pellets of bulk milk tank samples. Oligonucleotide primers were selected based on the 5' untranslated region of the BVD virus genome. BVD virus was detected in 2 [11.1%] out of 18 samples, representing 742 lactating cows. These results indicate that nested RT-PCR analysis of bulk milk samples may provide a rapid and sensitive screening method for the detection of BVDV infections in non-vaccinated dairy cattle herds

practical determination method of potassium traces in foodstuffs by the use of natural [40]k radiation

A new approach is presented for experimental determination of the potassium traces in foodstuffs, soil, sediment and plants, by use of natural [40]K radiation. Potassium maintains the salt balance in plant and animal cells and is important for healthy metabolis. Its role is often likened to that of the oil in an engine. There are actually three potassium isotopes'. [39]K, a stable isotope, is the most abundant, at 93.26% of the total; [41]K is next in abundance at 6.73% and is also a stable isotope. The potassium isotope of interest is a radioactive isotope, [40]K. It is present in all potassium at a very low concentration, 0.0118%. It has a very long half-life, 1,260,000,000 years. When it decays 89% of the events give rise to the emission of a beta ray with maximum energy of 1.33 Mev. The other 11% of the decays produce a gamma ray with an energy of 1.46 Mev. The long half-life and low abundance might seem to imply that this radioisotope, [40]K, is of little or no consequence, so it is usually ignored. In fact the knowledge that all potassium contains this radioactive isotope does not seem to be widely known. Very few of the discussions about potassium mention its radioactivity, which seems to imply that either it is not known or that this trivial level can be safely ignored. This radioactive element is vital for our good health. It is an element that is essential for the body's growth and maintenance. Potassium is also necessary in order to maintain normal water transport between the cells and body fluids. It also plays an essential role in the response of nerves to stimulation and in the contraction of muscles

Evaluation of some organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk and infants' dietary intake in middle and Upper Egypt

A total of fifty-four human breast milk samples were collected from Pediatric Department of Assiut University Hospital from lactating mothers during January-August, 2001. The samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide residues by using gas chromatography-electron capture detector [GC-ECD]. The results revealed that all detected organochlorine residue levels were markedly lower in comparison with the previously documented levels although they still had the same frequency percentages as recorded previously. The study indicated also that p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH were found to be the main contaminants and were detected in all analyzed samples [100%] followed by HCB [88.9%], p,p'-DDT [83.3%] and oxychlordane [33.3%]. The mean total DDTs level in breast milk samples was 16.166 +/- 14.82 microg/I formed mainly of p,p'-DDE [95%]. The levels ranged from 3.353 to 67.159 microg/I, with levels exceeding the Extraneous Residue Limits [ERLs] issued by FAO/WHO, in 1994 and1996 [50 microg/I] in only 3 samples [5.6%]. The total HCH isomers average was 1.599 +/- 1.595 microg/I milk formed mainly of beta-HCH. HCB and oxychlordane were detected at lower average levels of 0.389 +/- 0.156 and 0.285 +/- 0.175 microg/I milk, respectively. Within the detection limits no sample was found to contain aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, gamma- and alpha chlordane residues. The estimated daily intakes [EDIs] for total DDTs, gamma-HCH and total HCH residues never exceeded the recommended FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake [ADIs]. The possible health impact of these pollutants was reviewed

problem of red color defect in raw milk soft cheese in Egypt

Mycological examination of samples representing 337 tins packed with soft cheese "Domiatti" was done for explanation of a red color defect which is characterized by diffuse deep red color over the surfaces of raw milk soft cheese stored for four months at room temperature without any apparent colonial growth. A red color mold growth over Sabouraud dextrose agar could be isolated and identified as Monascus ruber. The suspected mold was inoculated in experimentally manufactured soft cheese and could produce the same defect. Ascospores of Monascus ruber survived pasteurization, but boiling of milk with holding time of 5 minutes destroyed these spores. Effect of storage temperatures and NaCl concentrations to prevent such defect in cheese were studied and discussed. Economical and public health importance of the isolated mold and its pigment as well as control measures for solving the problem have been discussed

Pesticide residues in milk and dairy products in Egypt

One hundred and thirty samples, fifty of market raw milk and twenty each of Domiati cheese, cooking butter, yoghurt and milk powder including infant foods collected from different markets in Cairo and Giza, were examined and analysed for quantitative and quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticide residues. The results obtained [p.p.b] revealed the following data: nearly all milk samples were contaminated with most of the investigated pesticides. DDT complex was present in a mean value of 36.005 +/- 3.315 p.p.b and total hexachlorhexane with, a mean value of 0.420 +/- 0.119 p.p.b. Results indicated that all samples of analysed cheese were found to be contaminated with one or more of the concerned pesticides. HCH and its isomers also were present with a mean value of 25.697 +/- 4.5 p.p.b. The results of residues levels in cooking butter showed that, HCH and its isomers and DDT and its isomers were detected in all examined samples with mean value of 120.892 +/- 17.710 and 87.159 +/- 12.005 p.p.b. respectively. Data indicated that HCH and its isomers were detected in all samples of yoghurt. DDT and its analogues were detected in 19 samples, with a mean value of 26.447 +/- 4.921 p.p.b. Aldrin and dieldrin could not be detected in any of the examined yoghurt samples. HCH and its isomers were detected in all milk powder samples with a mean value of 20.276 +/- 2.565 p.p.b. DDT complex was detected in 18 samples, with a mean value ot 5.030 +/- 0.951. Endrin was detected in 3 samples, with a mean value of 0.184 +/- 0.038. It is worthly mentioned that dieldrin and aldrin could not be detected in any of the examined milk powder samples. Results obtained showed some loss in the pesticides added to the raw milk due to the effect of heat. The average recovery of p,p -DDT, p,p - DDE and p,p DDD was 83.87, 86.08 and 83.09 p.p.b. respectively. Their mean of degradation percent as a result of pasteurization was 26.15%, 23.15% and 30.05% respectively, while it was 76.97%, 72.60%, and 72.25% due to boiling. The average increase of P,P - DDD due to pasteurization and boiling was 30.05% and 72.25% respectively. The growth and numbers of the examined bacteria was inhibited by lindane and endrin especially at high concentration. We conclude that most of market dairy products exposed for sale in Cairo and Giza proved to be contaminated with different types of pesticide residues, therefore, application of modem quality assurance methods in all analytical work, related to pesticide residues is essential to improve the quality of our dairy products, in addition to enforced legislative control measures. In conclusion, it seems necessary that concerned authorities should impose regulations and take active part in methods of importation, distribution, usage and application of pesticides, to protect our environment and health from the danger of such chemical pollutants

Cadmium and lead in water, milk and animal feeds

Drinking water, milk and animal feed [concentrates, hay and tiben] samples were collected from three dairy farms in Sharqia Governorate. The collected samples were analyzed for cadmium and lead by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained results revealed that the average concentrations of cadmium and lead were 0.02 and 0.23 ppm in the examined water samples and 0.113 and 1.51 ppm in the milk samples. The average concentration of cadmium was 2.1, 2.4 and 1.5 ppm in the examined concentrates, hay and tiben, respectively. Meanwhile, the average concentration of lead in concentrates, hay and tiben was 9.87, 15.6 and 12.1 ppm, respectively. The obtained results revealed that the concentration of cadmium and lead was above the acceptable limit in the examined water, milk and animal feed. Presence of cadmium and lead in high concentrations above the acceptable level in the examined water, milk and animal feed have adverse toxic effects to man and animals consuming such contaminated materials

trial for detection of early pregnancy and fetal viability using hormone determination in buffalo-cow's milk

The present study was designed to clarify the profile of milk progesterone during the early stages of pregnancy, as well as the profile of milk estrone sulfate during pregnancy. 15 buffalo-cows [aged 4-8 years] were used for this study. The obtained results showed that, milk progesterone levels on the 28th day of pregnancy significantly [P <0.01] increased in the non return females [18.18 ng/ml] when compared to the return ones [7.90 ng/ml]. For that, milk progesterone level can be used as a diagnostic tool for early pregnancy in buffalo-cows. The results also revealed that, estrone sulfate level in whey significantly increased during pregnancy when compared with its level for non-pregnant animals. Its levels in whey gradually increased with the advancement of pregnancy and reached its maximum level [720.24 pg/ml] during the 7th month of gestation. One buffalo-cow aborted due to fetal death, whey estrone sulfate level dropped to 53.62 pg/ml. The six of the fetus has no significant effect on the level of whey estrone sulfate. For that, estrone sulfate levels in whey were used as a tool for pregnancy diagnosis and for monitoring fetal viability during pregnancy in buffalo-cows

Some biochemical constituents of serum and milk of cows

Blood and milk samples were collected weekly, throughout a complete month, from five normal lactating cows kept in the farm of Fac. Vet. Med. [Beni-suef]. At the day of sample collection a blood sample was collected from each animal. At the normal time of milking in the morning, samples representing fore and striped milk were collected separately from each animal. Besides another sample from whole drown milk was taken from each cow. Urea, creatinine, alanine amine transferase [ALT] and asparate amine transferase [AST] activities as well as concentrations of total and direct bilirubin were determined in serum, fore milk, stripping and whole drown milk. The levels of urea, creatinine, ALT and AST activities were significantly higher [P< 0.01] in milk than in serum. Moreover, ALT and AST activities were significantly increasing [P<0.01] towards the last portions of drown milk. While, there is no difference in the concentrations of bilirubin in serum and milk

Nitrates and nitrites pollution in cheese and concentrated milk

Twenty five different cheese samples and ten concentrated milk samples were randomly collected from different localities of Zagazig City. Sharkia Governorate. The collected samples were analysed colorimetrically for nitrates and nitrites by using spectrophotometer. The obtained results revealed that the average concentration of nitrates was 86.61, 123.92 and 130.86 mg/kg in skimmed milk, Domiati and full cream soft cheeses samples respectively, while processed and hard cheese samples contained an average concentration of 50.21 and 26.58 mg/kg respectively. The average concentration of nitritesis, skimmed milk, domiati and full cream soft cheese was 1.77, 2.014 and 1.64 mg/kg respectively. Meanwhile, processed and hard cheese exhibited nitrites with an average concentration of 0.81 and 4.27 mg/kg. The examined milk powder and condensed milk samples having an average concentration of 150.62 and 146.32 mg/kg for nitrates, while nitrites was 1.04 and 1.79 mg/kg in milk powder and condensed milk. The most analysed samples contained nitrates above the desirable limit [50 mg/kg] recommended by and Stephany et al. [1978] and Bertelsen [1979]. In contrast nitrites were within the desirable limit [2 mg/kg] in most of the analysed samples with the exception of domiati and hard cheese samples. The results of this study indicate that presence of nitrates and nitrites above the desirable limit in milk and milk products act as heath hazard for man consuming such contaminated products

Caracterización bioquímica de cepas de coliformes fecales aisladas de alimentos / Biochemical characterizationof fecal coliform strains isolated from food

Se realizó la caracterización bioquímica a 252 cepas de coliformes fecales aisladas de muestras de leche pasteurizada, helados y ostión fresco. El aislamiento se realizó por el método de placa vertida en medio de agar rojo violeta bilis. De las cepas analizadas, el 97,6 %pertenecía al grupo coliformes fecales y y sólo el 2,4 %no pertenecía a este grupo, pero sí a la familia Enterobacteriaceae. El mayor porcentaje de aislamiento correspondió a la especie Escherichia coli (41,5 %), seguida por los géneros Enterobacter (27,6 %), Klebsiella (23,6 %) Citrobacter (7,3 %). Se obtuvieron 86 cepas anaerógenas (34,6 %) de las cuales 26 eran Escherichia coli

La prevención de caries a través de un vehículo nutricional / Caries prevention through a nutritional vehicle

Con el propósito de evaluar la prevención de caries a través de un importante elemento de la nutrición infantil como es la leche, se estudiaron las possibilidades biológicas, tecnológicas y de costos relativos cuando ésta se suplementa con fluoruro (f), utilizando monofluorfosfato de sodio (MFP) como fluorante en dicho producto. Através de encuestas y análisis químicos, se determinó el rango de ingesta de F en la población preescolar chilena de nivel socioeconómico bajo y bajo-medio, obteniéndo-se valores de 0.15-0.35 mg F/día. De determinó la absorción relativa de F a partir de los elementos dietarios que lo contienen en mayor proporción, obteniéndose valores de 0.58 y 0.32 en ayunas y co-administrato con alimentos sólidos con té, respectivamente, y un valor de 0.34 para el pescado, considerándose que el valor de absorción del F (como fluoruro de sodio) en agua y en ayunas,m es de 1.00. El estudio en cuestión demostró que la absorción de F (como MFO) en leche, es equivalente a la de F (como FNa) en agua. Se estimaron los costos relativos (para la situación en Chile) de la fluoración de leche y de la fluoración de aguas, encontrando-se que la fortificación de la leche es por lo menos 1,000 veces más económica que la fluoración de agua. Se concluye que para la prevención de caries, la fluoración de leche es una alternativa más económica y viable que la fluoración de aguas, para algunos países en vías de desarrollo

Composiçäo de leite de éguas de P.S.I e desenvolvimento ponderal de suas crias / Milk composition of the hroroughbred mares and weight gain of the foals

Com o objetivo de analisar a composiçäo do leite, foram coletadas amostras de nove éguas da raça Puro Sangue Inglês. A composiçäo foi determinada em amostras antes da primeira mamada de cada um dos dias considerados. A matéria seca foi determinada por gramivetria, a proteína bruta pelo micro-Kjedahl, a gordura, pelo milko-Tester, a lactose e o fósforo por colorimetria e o cálcio por permanganometria. Os constituintes, com exceçäo da lactose, decresceram durante o período. Os potros atingiram o desenvolvimento ponderal esperado, com um ganho de peso de 1,14 kg/dia durante o periodo observado

Perda de gordura do leite após fervura e retirada da nata / Lost of milk fat after boiling and skimming off the cream

Foram analizadas as concentraçöes de proteina e gordura dos leites tipo A, B e C existentes no comércio, antes e após agitaçäo na embalagem e antes e após a fervura e retirada da nata, como forma de quantificar as perdas desses dois nutrientes durante a manipulaçäo do leite "in natura". Os leites apresentaram teores de proteina semelhantes, porém a concentraçäo de gordura do tipo C foi menor. Näo se encontrou alteraçäo na quantidade de proteina e gordura das amostras, antes e após agitaçäo da embalagem. Após a fervura e retirada da nata todos os leites apresentaram reduçäo das concentraçöes de gordura. Para se minimizar as perdas de gordura do leite de vaca "in natura" sugere-se a sua homogeneizaçäo como forma de se previnir a deposiçäo de creme na embalagem e a utilizaçäo imediata do leite após fervura

Inmunoensayo enzimático (ELISA) para la detección de enterotoxinas B y C de S. aureus en leche / Enzimatic inmunoessay for the detection of entrotoxins B and C of S. aureus in milk

Se utilizaron las cepas 243 y6 361 de S. aureus para la obtención de las enterotoxinas B y C. Se estandarizó la técnica inmunoenzimática cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Se contaminaron artificialmente leches y las enterotoxinas fueron determinadas del extracto demostrándose su presencia al nivel de nanogramos. Esta técnica inmunoenzimática ELISA implementada poor nosostros con las condiciones operativas de nuestro medio, resultó de fácil manejo, corto tiempo de elaboración, bajo costo y con una gran sensibilidad diagnóstica

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins B and C, were obtained from strains 243 and 361 respectively. An immunoenzimatic technique was standariced both quantitative and qualitativly. We were able to detect enterotoxin to nanogram level on extracts from artificially contaminated milk. This ELISA immunoenzimatic technique implemented by us under the operative conditions of our working environment, resulted to be easy to handle, consumes only a short time, has a low cost and great diagnostic sensitivity.